Are green cellular base stations sustainable?

This study presents an overview of sustainable and green cellular base stations (BSs), which account for most of the energy consumed in cellular networks. We review the architecture of the BS and the power consumption model, and then summarize the trends in green cellular network research over the past decade.

Is a hybrid PV/DG system suitable for a GSM BS?

Imtiaz et al. [ 118] proposed a hybrid PV/DG system design for a GSM BS. The HOMER simulation results show that 6 kW PV, 2 kW DG, and eight 200Ah batteries comprise the optimal combination of energy system components.

Are solar PV systems feasible in grid-connected BS sites?

A feasibility study conducted on a solar PV system in grid-connected BS sites was presented in [ 116 ]. To achieve the most economically feasible configuration, BSs in Bangladesh must have 2.5 kW PV and sixteen batteries in two parallel strings, as well as two 4 kW DGs with an energy cost of $ 1.657/kWh.

How do cellular network operators shift to green practices?

Cellular network operators attempt to shift toward green practices using two main approaches. The first approach uses energy-efficient hardware to reduce the energy consumption of BSs at the equipment level and adopts economic power sources to feed these stations.

Which batteries should be used for PV/DG system components?

However, Asif et al. [ 119] identified 5 kW PV, 3 kW DG, and sixteen 225Ah batteries as the optimal combination for PV/DG system components; 1 kW WT, 3 kW DG, and twenty-four 225Ah batteries for WT/DG system components; and 5 kW PV, 5 kW WT, and 5 kW DG for PV/WT/DG system components.

What is a green cellular network?

Most studies on green cellular networks have adopted ideal models. As its name implies, the green communication initiative aims to make cellular networks “greener” by reducing their power consumption using the aforementioned approaches.