What is a battery reuse strategy?

The strategy is applied to various reuse scenarios with capacity configurations, including energy storage systems, communication base stations, and low-speed vehicles. Hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, and direct recycling considering battery residual values are evaluated at the end-of-life stage.

Can repurposed EV batteries be used in communication base stations?

Among the potential applications of repurposed EV LIBs, the use of these batteries in communication base stations (CBSs) isone of the most promising candidates owing to the large-scale onsite energy storage demand ( Heymans et al., 2014; Sathre et al., 2015 ).

What are the applications of battery recycling?

Applications in the reuse phase include energy storage systems (ESSs), communication base stations (CBSs), and low-speed vehicles (LSVs). When the batteries are subjected to the EOL stage, pretreatment and three recycling technologies are considered, including hydrometallurgical, direct, and pyrometallurgical recycling.

Can repurposed lithium-ion batteries be used for load shifting?

This study examines the environmental and economic feasibility of using repurposed spent electric vehicle (EV) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the ESS of communication base stations (CBS) for load shifting.

Should batteries be reused?

To mitigate these risks, scientific and industrial communities advocate for the reuse and recycling of retired batteries 11, 12. Reuse aims to extend the useful lifetime of batteries, lower the investment and operational costs of energy systems, and minimize the demand for raw materials.

Should repurposed lithium batteries be used as a lab system?

From the resource point of view, the MDP of repurposed LIBs isnot always preferable to that of the conventional LAB system. Recently, the environmental and social impacts of battery metals such as nickel, lithium and cobalt, have drawn much attention due to the ever-increasing demand ( Ziemann et al., 2019; Watari et al., 2020 ).